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|common_name = the Netherlands |image_flag = Flag of the Netherlands.svg |image_coat = Royal Coat of Arms of the Netherlands.svg |image_map = Kingdom of the Netherlands (orthographic projection).svg |map_width = 220px |national_motto = |national_anthem = |capital = Amsterdam |latd = 52 |latm = 22 |latNS = N |longd = 4 |longm = 53 |longEW = E |largest_city = capital |official_languages = |languages_type = Regional languages |languages = }} |languages_sub = yes |demonym = Dutch |membership_type = Countries |membership = |government_type = with federal elements |leader_title1 = Monarch |leader_name1 = Willem-Alexander |leader_title2 = Chairman of the Council of Ministers |leader_name2 = Mark Rutte |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = Edwin Abath |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = Marvelyne Wiels |leader_title5 = |leader_name5 = Josianne Fleming-Artsen.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220055158/http://www.thedailyherald.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52294 )〕 |legislature = |upper_house = |lower_house = |sovereignty_type = Independence |established_event1 = |established_date1 = 26 July 1581 30 January 1648 |established_event2 = |established_date2 = 19 January 1795 |established_event3 = |established_date3 = 5 June 1806 |established_event4 = |established_date4 = 1 July 1810 |established_event5 = |established_date5 = 16 March 1815 |established_event6 = |established_date6 = 15 December 1954 |area_rank = 136th |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area_km2 = 42,508 |area_sq_mi = 16,478 |percent_water = 18.41 |population_estimate = 17,100,715 |population_estimate_year = 2013 |population_estimate_rank = 61st |population_density_km2 = 393 |population_density_sq_mi = 1,019 |population_density_rank = 30th |GDP_PPP_year = |GDP_PPP = |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |currency = |country_code = |time_zone = CET (UTC+1) AST |utc_offset = -4 |time_zone_DST = CEST (UTC+2) AST |utc_offset_DST = -4 |drives_on = right |date_format = dd-mm-yyyy |calling_code = }} | +1 721 }} |cctld = }} The Kingdom of the Netherlands ((オランダ語:Koninkrijk der Nederlanden); ;〔''Koninkrijk'' in isolation: (:ˈkoːnɪŋkrɛik).〕 ), commonly known as the Netherlands, is a sovereign state and constitutional monarchy with territory in western Europe and in the Caribbean. The four parts of the KingdomAruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten and the Netherlandsare constituent countries (''landen'' in Dutch) and participate on a basis of equality as partners in the Kingdom.〔The Charter of the Kingdom was fully explained in an "EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM to the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands", transmitted to the U.N. Secretary-General in compliance with the wishes expressed in General Assembly resolutions 222 (III) and 747 (VIII). New York, 30 March 1955 ( * Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken, 41, Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen in de Verenigde Naties III, Staatsdrukkerij-en uitgeversbedrijf/ ’s Gravenhage, 1956)〕 In practice, however, most of the Kingdom affairs are administered by the Netherlands – which comprises roughly 98% of the Kingdom's land area and population – on behalf of the entire Kingdom. Consequently, the countries of Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten are dependent on the Netherlands for matters like foreign policy and defence, although they are autonomous to a certain degree with their own parliaments. The vast majority in land area of the constituent country of the Netherlands (as well as the Kingdom) is located in Europe, with the exception of the Caribbean Netherlands: its three special municipalities (Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius) that are located in the Caribbean. The constituent countries of Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten are located in the Caribbean as well. == History == (詳細はNapoleon’s defeat in 1813. In that year, the Netherlands regained its independence from France, which had annexed its northern neighbor in 1810, as the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands. The great powers of Europe, united against Napoleonic France, had decided in the secret London Protocol to establish a single state in the territories that were previously the Dutch Republic/Batavian Republic/Kingdom of Holland, the Austrian Netherlands and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, awarding rule over this to William, Prince of Orange and Nassau, although the southern territories remained under Prussian rule until Napoleon's return from Elba. In March 1815, amidst the turmoil of the Hundred Days, the Sovereign Prince adopted the style of "King of the Netherlands". Following Napoleon's second defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, the Vienna Congress supplied international recognition of William's unilateral move. The new King of the Netherlands was also made Grand Duke of Luxembourg, a part of the Kingdom that was, at the same time, a member state of the German Confederation. In 1830, Belgium seceded from the Kingdom, a step that was recognised by the Netherlands only in 1839. At that point, Luxembourg became a fully independent country in a personal union with the Netherlands. Luxembourg also lost more than half of its territory to Belgium. To compensate the German Confederation for that loss, the remainder of the Dutch province of Limburg received the same status that Luxembourg had enjoyed before, as a Dutch province that at the same time formed a Duchy of the German Confederation. That status was reversed when the German Confederation ceased to exist in 1867; and, at that point, Limburg reverted to its status as an ordinary Dutch province. The origin of the administrative reform of 1954 was the 1931 Westminster Statute and the 1941 Atlantic Charter (stating ''the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live'', and the desire for ''a permanent system of general security''), which was signed by the Netherlands on 1 January 1942. Changes were proposed in the 7 December 1942 radio speech by Queen Wilhelmina. In this speech, the Queen, on behalf of the Dutch government in exile in London, expressed a desire to review the relations between the Netherlands and its colonies after the end of the war. After liberation, the government would call a conference to agree on a settlement in which the overseas territories could participate in the administration of the Kingdom on the basis of equality. Initially, this speech had propaganda purposes; the Dutch government had the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in mind, and hoped to appease public opinion in the United States, which had become skeptical towards colonialism.〔Peter Meel, ''Tussen autonomie en onafhankelijkheid. Nederlands-Surinaamse betrekkingen 1954–1961'' (Between Autonomy and Independence. Dutch-Surinamese Relations 1954–1961; Leiden: KITLV 1999).〕 After Indonesia became independent, a federal construction was considered too heavy, as the economies of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles were insignificant compared to that of the Netherlands. In the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as enacted in 1954, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles each got a Minister Plenipotentiary based in the Netherlands, who had the right to participate in Dutch cabinet meetings when it discussed affairs that applied to the Kingdom as a whole, when these affairs pertained directly to Suriname and/or the Netherlands Antilles. Delegates of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles could participate in sessions of the First and Second Chamber of the States General. An overseas member could be added to the Council of State when appropriate. According to the Charter, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles were also allowed to alter their "Basic Law"s (''Staatsregeling''). The right of the two autonomous countries to leave the Kingdom, unilaterally, was not recognised; yet it also stipulated that the Charter could be dissolved by mutual consultation.〔 Before the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands was proclaimed in 1954, Suriname, Netherlands New Guinea, and the Netherlands Antilles, formerly "Colony of Curaçao and subordinates" (''Kolonie Curaçao en Onderhorige Eilanden'') were colonies of the Netherlands. Suriname was a constituent country within the Kingdom from 1954 to 1975, while the Netherlands Antilles were a constituent country from 1954 until 2010. Suriname has since become an independent republic, and the Netherlands Antilles were dissolved into the constituent countries: Aruba (since 1986), Curaçao and Sint Maarten (since 2010), and the special municipalities of the Netherlands proper, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba. Netherlands New Guinea was a dependent territory of the Kingdom until 1962, but was not an autonomous country, and was not mentioned in the Charter. In 1955, Queen Juliana and Prince Bernhard visited Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles. The visit was a great success. The royal couple were welcomed enthusiastically by the local population, and the trip was widely reported in the Dutch press. Several other royal visits were to follow.〔Gert Oostindie, ''De parels en de kroon. Het koningshuis en de koloniën'' (The Pearls and the Crown. The Royal House and the Colonies; Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2006).〕 In 1969, an unorganised strike on the Antillean island of Curaçao resulted in serious disturbances and looting, during which a part of the historic city centre of Willemstad was destroyed by fire. Order was restored by Dutch marines. In the same year, Suriname saw serious political instability with the Surinamese prime minister, Jopie Pengel, threatening to request military support to break a teachers’ strike. In 1973, a new Dutch cabinet under Labour leader Joop den Uyl assumed power. In the government policy statement, the cabinet declared a wish to determine a date for the independence of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles with the government of those nations. The Antillean government was non-committal; the same held for the Surinamese Sedney cabinet (1969–1973). The Suriname 1973 elections brought the National Party Combination (''Nationale Partij Kombinatie'') to power, with Henck Arron as its prime minister. The new government declared on its instatement that Suriname would be independent before 1976. This was remarkable, as independence had not been an issue during the election campaign. The Den Uyl government in The Hague now had a willing partner in Paramaribo to realise its plans for Surinamese independence. Despite vehement and emotional resistance by the Surinamese opposition, Den Uyl and Arron reached an agreement, and on 25 November 1975, Suriname became independent.〔Gert Oostindie and Inge Klinkers, ''Knellende Koninkrijksbanden. Het Nederlandse dekolonisatiebeleid in de Caraïben, 1940–2000'', II, ''1954–1975'' (Stringent Kingdom Ties. The Dutch De-colonisation Policy in the Caribbean; Amsterdam: University Press 2001).〕 In January 1986, Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles, becoming a constituent country of the Kingdom in its own right. In October 2010, the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved, leaving Curaçao and Sint Maarten to become the newest constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Kingdom is celebrating its bicentennial in a series of festive occasions spanning from 2013 to 2015, the last being the year of the actual 200th anniversary of the Kingdom.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/nieuws/nieuwsberichten/2014/augustus/koning-en-koningin-bij-viering-200-jaar-koninkrijk-in-maastricht-(2)/ )〕〔De monarchie in Nederland, C.A. Tamse; Amsterdam / Brussel: Elsevier 1980 pp 43 - 44〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kingdom of the Netherlands」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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